Dietary Intake and Prevalence of Dental Caries among Five-Year-Old Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya



Abstract Views
657

Downloads
436

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Jul 23, 2020
Published Aug 16, 2020
10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.4.80

Abstract viewed = 657 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Dental caries is a major public health problem associated with diet and nutrition affecting 60-90% of children globally with the burden in both industrialized and less industrialized countries undergoing nutrition transition. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the dietary intake and nutritional status on dental caries prevalence of 5-year-old school children in urban and rural areas of Uasin-Gishu County.  In this study, 382 five year old children and their parents/caregivers were sampled from urban and rural schools in Uasin-Gishu County to participate in the study. Dental caries status was assessed based on the criteria proposed by WHO for oral health surveys. Structured questionnaires was used to gather information on demographic and socio-economic status. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on dietary intake. Dietary intake data was analyzed using ENA for SMART computer programmes and the rest of the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 (2007). The prevalence of dental caries stood at 39.3% with a mean dft of 1.55 and 60.7% being dental caries free. Children met their nutrient requirements for protein, vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus, but did not meet the requirements for energy, folate, vitamin A, and iron. Many children from urban than rural areas consumed sweets/candies at 33.5% and 15.3% respectively.  Children from urban areas (288) had the highest mean dft of 1.83±1.37 while those from rural areas (154) had a mean dft score of 1.16±1.13. This was significantly different (p<0.05). Overweight was higher in the urban population compared to the rural population at 13.64% and 8.96% respectively. The prevalence of underweight was higher in rural areas at 10.7%, stunting at 14.6% and wasting at 6.8%. There is inadequate intake of Energy, Vitamin A and Iron in the diet consumed by the 5-year-old which might be contributing to dental caries prevalence both in the urban and rural areas of Uasin – Gishu County, Kenya. Children should be fed on nutrient rich foods and cariogenic foods should be consumed occasionally.

Keywords: Cariogenic Foods, Dietary Intake, Dental Caries, Nutritional Status

References

  1. Do, L.G., Ha, D. H, Spencer, A. J. (2015). Factors attributable for the prevalence of dental caries in Queensland children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015. John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
     Google Scholar
  2. Schroth, R.J., Levi, J.A., Sellers, E.A., Friel, J., Kliewer, E. & Moffatt, M.E.K., (2013). Vitamin D status of children with severe early childhood caries: a case-control study. BMC pediatrics, 13(1), p.174.
     Google Scholar
  3. Arora, A., Scott, J. A., Bhole, S., Do, L., Schwarz, E., & Blinkhorn, A. S. (2011). Early childhood feeding practices and dental caries in preschool children: a multi-centre birth cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 28
     Google Scholar
  4. Pitts, N. B., Zero, D. T., Marsh, P. D., Ekstrand, K., Weintraub, J. A., Ramos-Gomez, F, & Ismail, A. (2017). Dental caries. Nature reviews Disease primers, 3, 17030.
     Google Scholar
  5. Ministry of Health (MoH) (2015). Kenya National Oral Health Survey Report 2015, Ministry of Health: Republic of Kenya
     Google Scholar
  6. Kibosia, C. (2011). Relating Prevalence of Dental Caries to Unmet Treatment Needs Amongst Urban and Rural 5-Year Old Children, Uasin-Gishu, Kenya. Kenya Journal of Health Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: Pp 5-9
     Google Scholar
  7. Vanishree, N., Narayan, R. R., Naveen, N., Anushri, M., Vignesh, D., & MP, N. R. (2017). Relationship of dental caries and BMI among pre-school children of Bangalore city, India: a cross sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(3), 814-819.
     Google Scholar
  8. Pflipsen, M., & Zenchenko, Y. (2017). Nutrition for oral health and oral manifestations of poor nutrition and unhealthy habits. General dentistry.
     Google Scholar
  9. Moynihan, P., & Petersen, P. E. (2004). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public health nutrition, 7(1a), 201-226
     Google Scholar
  10. WHO, (2003) (World Health Organization) Nutrition. World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
     Google Scholar
  11. Bahal, P., & Djemal, S. (2014). Dental erosion from an excess of vitamin C. Case reports in dentistry, 2014.
     Google Scholar
  12. Oyunga, M. A., Omondi, D. O., & Grant, F. K. E. (2016). Awareness in the Context of Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Households in Western Kenya Using a Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 4(3), 55-64.
     Google Scholar
  13. Mobley, C., Marshall, T. A., Milgrom, P., & Coldwell, S. E. (2009). The contribution of dietary factors to dental caries and disparities in caries. Academic pediatrics, 9(6), 410-414.
     Google Scholar
  14. Psoter, W.J, Reid B.C & Katz, R.V. (2005). Malnutrition and dental caries: A review of the literature. Caries Research. 39(6):441-447.
     Google Scholar
  15. Dror, D. K., & Allen, L. H. (2014). Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a review of association with health outcomes. Nutrition reviews, 72(2), 68-81
     Google Scholar
  16. Institute of Medicine (IOM), (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes: Application in Dietary Assessment. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 73-105.
     Google Scholar
  17. Austin, G. L., Ogden, L. G., & Hill, J. O. (2011). Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals: 1971–2006–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(4), 836-843.
     Google Scholar
  18. Ekesa, B. N., Walingo, M. K., & Abukutsa-Onyango, M. (2009). Dietary diversity, nutrition status and morbidity of pre-school children in Matungu division, Western Kenya. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 2(2), 131-144.
     Google Scholar
  19. Okemwa, K.A., Gatongi, P.M & Rotich, J.K. (2011). The Prevalence of Dental Caries and the Consumption of Cariogenic Foods in Primary School Going Children in Rural Areas of Uasin-Gishu District-Kenya. Kenya Journal of Health Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: Pp 22-25
     Google Scholar
  20. Allen, L. H. (2008). Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food and nutrition bulletin, 29(2_suppl1), S20-S34.
     Google Scholar
  21. Katz, H. (2013), Keep Your Mouth Healthy With Folic Acid. Retrieved from: http://www.therabreath.com/articles/oral-care-tips-and-advice/keep-your-mouth-healthy-with-folic-acid-20163/
     Google Scholar
  22. Esaki, M., Morita, M., Akhter, R., Akino, K., & Honda, O. (2010). Relationship between folic acid intake and gingival health in non‐smoking adults in Japan. Oral diseases, 16(1), 96-101.
     Google Scholar
  23. Kirui, E., & Nguka, G. (2017). Factors that negatively influence consumption of traditionally fermented milk (Mursik) among preschool children (1-5 years old) in Kapseret location-Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 17(3), 12295-12310.
     Google Scholar
  24. Tanaka, K., Miyake, Y., Sasaki, S., & Hirota, Y. (2012). Dairy products and calcium intake during pregnancy and dental caries in children. Nutrition journal, 11(1), 33.
     Google Scholar
  25. Yoshihara, A., Watanabe, R., Hanada, N., & Miyazaki, H. (2009). A longitudinal study of the relationship between diet intake and dental caries and periodontal disease in elderly Japanese subjects. Gerodontology, 26(2), 130-136
     Google Scholar
  26. Lin, H. S., Lin, J. R., Hu, S. W., Kuo, H. C., & Yang, Y. H. (2014). Association of dietary calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake with caries status among schoolchildren. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 30(4), 206-212.
     Google Scholar
  27. Subedi, B., Shakya, P. K. C. U., Kc, U., Jnawali, M., Paudyal, B. D., Acharya, A., ... & Singh, A. (2011). Prevalence of dental caries in 5-6 years and 12-13 years age group of school children of Kathmandu valley. Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 51(184)
     Google Scholar
  28. Moshfegh, A., Kovalchik, A.F. & Clement, J.C. (2016). Phosphorus Intake of Americans. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2011-2012. Food Survey Research Group Dietary Data Brief; No. 15.
     Google Scholar
  29. Buzalaf, M. A. R., de Moraes Italiani, F., Kato, M. T., Martinhon, C. C. R., & Magalhães, A. C. (2006). Effect of iron on inhibition of acid demineralisation of bovine dental enamel in vitro. Archives of oral biology, 51(10), 844-848.
     Google Scholar
  30. Tang, R. S., Huang, M. C., & Huang, S. T. (2013). Relationship between dental caries status and anemia in children with severe early childhood caries. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 29(6), 330-336.
     Google Scholar
  31. Lelli, M., Putignano, A., Marchetti, M., Foltran, I., Mangani, F., Procaccini, M., ... & Orsini, G. (2014). Remineralization and repair of enamel surface by biomimetic Zn-carbonate hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste: a comparative in vivo study. Frontiers in physiology, 5, 333.
     Google Scholar
  32. Sejdini, M., Begzati, A., Salihu, S., Krasniqi, S., Berisha, N., & Aliu, N. (2018). The Role and Impact of Salivary Zn Levels on Dental Caries. International Journal of Dentistry, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  33. Were, G. M., Ohiokpehai, O., Okeyo-Owuor, J. B., Mbagaya, G. M., Kimiywe, J., Mbithe, D., & Okello, M. M. (2010). Soybean (Glycine max) complementation and the zinc status of HIV and AIDS affected children in Suba District, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 10(3)
     Google Scholar
  34. Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM. (2004). Risk factors for dental car¬ies in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Com¬munity of Dental Health; 21(1 Suppl):71–85.
     Google Scholar
  35. Elidrissi, S. M., & Naidoo, S. (2016). Prevalence of dental caries and tooth brushing habits among preschool children in Khartoum State, Sudan. International dental journal, 66(4), 215-220.
     Google Scholar
  36. Wigen, T. I., & Wang, N. J. (2010). Caries and background factors in Norwegian and immigrant 5‐year‐old children. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 38(1), 19-28.
     Google Scholar